Adolescent opioid misuse is a public health crisis, particularly among clinical populations of youth 15 with substance misuse histories. Given the negative and often lethal consequences associated with 16 opioid misuse among adolescents, it is essential to identify the risk and protective factors underlying 17 early opioid misuse to inform targeted prevention efforts. Understanding the role of parental risk and 18 protective factors is particularly paramount during the developmental stage of adolescence. Using a 19 social-ecological framework, this study explored the associations between individual, peer, family, 20 community, and school-level risk and protective factors and opioid use among adolescents with 21 histories of substance use disorders (SUDs). Further, we explored the potential moderating role of 22 poor parental monitoring in the associations between the aforementioned risk and protective factors 23 and adolescent opioid use. Participants included 294 adolescents (M[subscript age] = 16 years; 45% female) who 24 were recently discharged from substance use treatment, and their parents (n = 323). Results indicated 25 that lifetime opioid use was significantly more likely among adolescents endorsing antisocial traits 26 and those whose parents reported histories of substance abuse. Additionally, adolescents reporting 27 more perceived availability of substances were significantly more likely to report lifetime opioid use 28 compared to those reporting lower perceived availability of substances. Results did not indicate any 29 significant moderation effects of parental monitoring on any associations between risk factors and 30 lifetime opioid use. Findings generally did not support social-ecological indicators of opioid use in 31 this high-risk population of adolescents, signaling that the social-ecological variables tested may not 32 be salient risk factors among adolescents with SUD histories. We discuss these findings in terms of 33 continuing care options for adolescents with SUD histories that target adolescents' antisocial traits, 34 perceived availability of substances, and parent histories of substance abuse, including practical 35 implications for working with families of adolescents with SUD histories. [This paper was published in "Frontiers in Psychology" 2021.]