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Vitello, Sylvia; Leech, Tony – Cambridge University Press & Assessment, 2022
In summer 2021, as exams could not take place, GCSE, AS and A level grades in England were awarded by teachers, in accordance with relatively broad official guidance. This guidance stressed that grades had to be based on evidence of candidate work, though what this was, how much was needed or where/when it should come from were not tightly…
Descriptors: Grading, Foreign Countries, Exit Examinations, Secondary Education
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Hedman, Christina; Mannish, Scarlett – English in Education, 2022
This study emerged from the abrupt shift to online distance teaching due to the Covid-19 pandemic and reports of "Mother Tongue Instruction" (MTI) in Sweden, where online distance teaching was initially introduced in MTI only. In Sweden, MTI is offered to students whose parents/caregivers speak languages other than Swedish on a daily…
Descriptors: Online Courses, Native Language Instruction, Swedish, Second Language Learning