How do examiners reach joint decisions when they grade oral examinations? While government and policymakers provide general frameworks about grading decisions, we know little about how they are actually accomplished in interaction, particularly when examiners initially disagree. We scrutinized 29 video-recorded grading conversations between…

Background: There is increasing recognition of the contribution of morphological skills to the development of reading fluency. However, theoretical models and recent research raise questions about how different language skills influence reading development. Methods: The present study was designed to follow the reading development of a large sample…

This study investigated teacher cognition and behavior in a high-stakes, English as a Foreign Language (EFL) school context where no common rating scale exists. 24 EFL teachers at the upper secondary level in Norway were asked to rate the performance of a student taking her oral English exam and to give an account of what kind of performance…

This study explores ninth-grade (15-year-old) students' oral presentations in language arts and art education. The main research question is: In which ways are the students' social positioning and use of verbal and non-verbal resources reflected in boys' and girls' oral presentations? In-depth analyses of video recordings of student presentations…