Homeless and low-income students share multiple overlapping risk experiences; however, some studies report little to no observed differences in outcomes between these students. From the cumulative risk perspective, homelessness is perched at the extreme edge of economic insecurity, suggesting that homeless students encounter additional hardships…

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of homelessness above and beyond the role of poverty alone in contributing to academic and workforce outcomes. Linked longitudinal data from the Maryland Longitudinal Data System (MLDS) and multiple membership multilevel models were used to help disentangle student and school factors to determine…