This study compares the mental health literacy (MHL) of university students in China and the Czech Republic. MHL refers to the ability to recognize mental health problems, adjust one's mental state and seek professional assistance. The study recruited 358 Chinese university students (244 female and 114 male) and 282 Czech university students (247 female and 35 male) and collected data through online questionnaires using the O'Connor's MHL Scale. The results indicated that Czech students had a significantly higher level of MHL compared with Chinese students based on the total score and other subscales. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of MHL on a global scale and the potential of cross-cultural comparisons to promote MHL and improve mental health outcomes. The disparity in MHL between the two countries highlights the need for increased mental health education and resources in China. Further research is needed to explore the cultural and educational factors contributing to the difference in MHL between China and the Czech Republic.