Based on an ethnographic study at a middle school in a Midwestern city, this article examines the difficulty in creating anti-racist educational spaces, even in schools with a stated desire to do so. The school's curriculum was mainly based on teachers' abstract ideas of social justice and was not grounded in students' everyday realities. It…

Discipline is defined as the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior, using punishment to correct disobedience. In public schools across the United States, disparate discipline outcomes continue to plague most educational settings, and methods of effectively addressing this concern remain elusive. White teachers comprise…