Purpose: In U.S. public schools, principals must implement reforms that require instructional leadership across subjects, though little is known about subject-specific supervision. Methods: Through interviews with 26 K-8 principals, we examine instructional leadership for science. Findings: Our findings showed that science supervision occurred…

Accountability demands on schools are increasingly difficult to meet at the local, state, and national levels. This study examined the perspectives of curriculum team leaders (CTLs) that are one middle school's response to increased accountability and changing student population. The CTLs provide instructional supervision to same-grade,…

We use a natural experiment to show that the presence of an external examiner has both a direct and an indirect negative effect on the performance of monitored classes in standardized educational tests. The direct effect is the difference in the test performance between classes of the same school with and without external examiners. The indirect…