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Tracy Noble; Craig S. Wells; Ann S. Rosebery – Educational Assessment, 2023
This article reports on two quantitative studies of English learners' (ELs) interactions with constructed-response items from a Grade 5 state science test. Study 1 investigated the relationships between the constructed-response item-level variables of English Reading Demand, English Writing Demand, and Background Knowledge Demand and the…
Descriptors: Grade 5, State Standards, Standardized Tests, Science Tests