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Direct linkWalter A. Herring; Daphna Bassok; Anita S. McGinty; Luke C. Miller; James H. Wyckoff – Educational Researcher, 2022
Federal accountability policy mandates that states administer standardized tests beginning in third grade. In turn, third-grade test scores are often viewed as a key indicator in policy and practice. Yet literacy struggles begin well before third grade, as do racial and socioeconomic disparities in children's literacy skills. Kindergarten…
Descriptors: Kindergarten, Young Children, Emergent Literacy, Reading Ability
