The development of civically engaged citizens is vital for democratic societies. Although several studies have explored children and adolescents' conceptualizations of civic engagement, less is known about youths' understanding of the individual skills and attributes best suited for civic action. The current study utilized a Q-sort methodology to…

This paper examines the importance of experiential learning for teachers-as-students and its impact on language instruction through personal experience of the author, a middle school Spanish teacher who participated in an International Teachers' Workshop in Belize focusing on environmental science education. The author compares the approaches of…

A vertical scale, in principle, provides a common metric across tests with differing difficulties (e.g., spanning multiple grades) so that statements of "absolute" growth can be made. This paper compares 16 states' 2007-2008 effect size growth trends on vertically scaled reading and math assessments across grades 3 to 8. Two patterns…