Existing scholarship tends to understand university governance structurally (emphasizing formal authority and resource environments), culturally (focusing on history, norms, and leadership), or by combining both approaches (Kezar & Eckel, 2004). These models understand governance in instrumental terms, as the means for steering the university.…

For many years, technological developments and innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI) has forced the education system to adapt and modernise. This new reality requires people to develop critical thinking (CT) skills to promote sustainable development and provide solutions to contemporary problems. However, traditional learning and…