Coaches, regardless of their level, should be certified in basic first aid, CPR, and the use of automated external defibrillators. They need to be trained regarding liability and those laws that apply to the field of coaching. There is a certification known as "First Responder," whereby the trainee earns a level of expertise just below that of a paramedic. First Responder training includes all of the basics needed for dealing with emergency situations. Coaches should also have a basic course in athletic training. In addition, there should be a professional athletic trainer on site. Many schools have only one athletic trainer, and so this person cannot be present at all events. Having coaches that are certified in the care of injuries could lessen this problem. Siedentop, in Introduction to Physical Education, Fitness and Sport (4th ed.), states, "Increasingly, it appears that more knowledgeable coaches and athletic trainers are the best hope for future control of injuries". Here the authors discuss the level of competence in sports medicine that should be required of high school coaches.