There is a strong, positive and well-documented correlation between education and health outcomes. There is much less evidence on the extent to which this correlation reflects the causal effect of education on health--the parameter of interest for policy. In this paper we attempt to overcome the difficulties associated with estimating the causal…

In this article, the author makes a distinction between two kinds of change: tinkering change and systemic change. Tinkering change includes reforms intended to address a specific deficiency or practice. Such tinkering change can be contrasted to what Shakespeare termed "sea change" in "The Tempest" ("a sea change into something rich and strange")…

The efforts of county, State, and National officials and of States in all parts of the country to provide opportunities of education for children outside the cities and larger towns have stimulated a general interest in the required length of the school term, and the desire for the requirement of a minimum school term sufficient to enable all…

With the increase of population, the lengthening of the school life of children, and the consolidation of small into large schools, often with many hundreds of children in one building, the care of the health of children while in school becomes correspondingly more important. Since the health of school children depends to a large extent on the…

In this thirteenth annual report, the Commissioner of Education discusses the Bureau of Education's work, with a list of its publications from the year. The Commissioner also presents summary data of institutions, instructors, and students; school age, population, enrolment, and attendance; legal school ages in the United States; teachers employed…

The legislation summarized in this compilation was enacted in the two-year period comprising the calendar years 1922 and 1923, and represents the educational enactments of regular legislative sessions of all the States and of several special or extraordinary sessions. Material is organized in 21 major classification categories, plus additional…

This manual is printed primarily to present to educational committees of the State legislatures, educators, legislators, and interested citizens, the essentials of a program of educational legislation, state-wide in scope, based upon the experiences of the various States during the past several decades. A large amount of proposed educational…

The work presented in this bulletin is in continuation of the plan inaugurated three years ago, which has resulted in two similar publications covering the periods 1904-1906 and 1906-1908 (Bulletin, 1906, No. 3, and Bulletin, 1908, No. 7). In this bulletin an attempt has been made to classify and to analyze the changes wrought in the public school…

The material presented in this compilation constitutes a second supplement to Bulletin, 1915, No. 47, "Digest of Stage Laws Relating to Public Education," the first such supplement having been embodied in Bulletin, 1918, No. 23, "State Laws Relating to Education, Enacted in 1915, 1916, and 1917." The period covered extends from…

Within the two years comprehended in this review, the Congress of the United States has been in almost continuous session and all the states, except Alabama have held meetings of their legislative bodies. Six states, Georgia, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and South Carolina hold annual meetings of their legislatures, and…