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Direct linkLee, Soojeong; Shouse, Roger C. – Sociology of Education, 2011
Widespread use of "shadow education" is a major policy issue in East Asia, especially South Korea, where officials view it as harmful to educational and fiscal equity. Although previous research emphasizes functional explanations, this study takes an institutional approach, exploring how students' desire for prestigious matriculation…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Tutoring, Private Education, Supplementary Education
Download full textSchulz, Wolfram; Fraillon, Julian; Ainley, John; Losito, Bruno; Kerr, David – International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 2008
This document outlines the framework and assessment design for the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) sponsored by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA). Over the past 50 years, IEA has conducted comparative research studies focusing on educational policies, practices, and…
Descriptors: Test Items, Citizenship, Citizenship Education, School Administration
