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Burroughs, Greer C. – ProQuest LLC, 2010
Many American citizens have remained outside of the political process and therefore have not been able to effectively advocate for the full rights, privileges and responsibilities that American citizenship makes possible. For youth from historically marginalized populations who are growing up in lower-income urban areas, the issue becomes…
Descriptors: Citizenship, Citizenship Education, Urban Areas, Grade 8
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Kinney, Daryl W. – Journal of Research in Music Education, 2008
Nontransient 6th- and 8th-grade urban middle school students' achievement test scores were examined before (4th grade) and during (6th or 8th grade) enrollment in a performing ensemble. Ensemble participation (band, choir, none) and subject variables of socioeconomic status (SES) and home environment were considered. Fourth- and 6th-grade…
Descriptors: Middle School Students, Academic Achievement, Achievement Tests, Effect Size