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Direct linkSwanson, Elise; H. Erickson, Heidi; Ritter, Gary W. – Educational Policy, 2021
We estimate the relationship between exclusionary discipline given in eighth-grade and the probability of ninth-grade retention. We use a rich 7-year, student-level, panel data set from Arkansas. We use a novel approach by limiting our sample to students who switch schools between eighth and ninth grades. This movement gives each student a fresh…
Descriptors: Middle School Students, Grade 9, Discipline Policy, Grade Repetition
