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Frost, Jørgen; Ottem, Ernst; Snow, Catherine E.; Hagtvet, Bente E.; Lyster, Solveig Alma Helaas; White, Claire – Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 2014
Two ways of measuring change are presented and compared: A conventional "change score", defined as the difference between scores before and after an interim period, and a process-oriented approach focusing on detailed analysis of conceptually defined response patterns. The validity of the two approaches was investigated. Vocabulary…
Descriptors: Vocabulary, Scores, Knowledge Level, Vocabulary Development
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Thuen, Elin; Bru, Edvin – School Psychology International, 2009
Previous cross-sectional based research suggests that students' perceptions of the learning environment are associated with emotional and behavioural problems (EBP). However, it is not clear to what extent the associations identified are merely reflections of individual student characteristics. The present study explored this issue by utilizing a…
Descriptors: Individual Characteristics, Student Attitudes, Educational Environment, Organizations (Groups)