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Cirino, Paul T.; Tolar, Tammy D.; Fuchs, Lynn S. – Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2013
Algebra is a prerequisite for access to STEM careers and occupational success (NMAP, 2008a), yet algebra is difficult for students through high school (US DOE, 2008). Growth in children's conceptual and procedural arithmetical knowledge is reciprocal, although conceptual knowledge has more impact on procedural knowledge than the reverse…
Descriptors: Arithmetic, Algebra, Mathematics Skills, Cognitive Processes
Tobias, Keith S. – ProQuest LLC, 2012
This quantitative method, quasi-experimental design study examined the possible effect of foreign language study in Tennessee middle schools on mathematics achievement. The population was 1,708 historical student test scores of a single cohort spanning 6th through 8th Grades from the same schools within a large urban public school district. NCLB…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Middle School Students, Mathematics Achievement, Achievement Gains