Michael Simonson's equivalency theory provided support for this study. Simonson's equivalency theory is built around the idea that while there should be different learning experiences for online and seated students, those learning experiences should be equivalent. Equivalency theory includes equivalency, learning experiences, appropriate application, students, and student outcomes. The independent variable used in this study was whether fifth graders were online students or seated students; online students are generally defined as students enrolled in an approved Missouri Course Access and Virtual School Program (MOCAP) provider course. The dependent variable used in this study was student achievement/outcomes as measured by fifth-grade MAP assessment scores. This study used the percentage of students who scored proficient and advanced on fifth-grade ELA, Math, and Science MAP assessments. An ex post facto quantitative causal-comparative methodology was used to complete the study. Student achievement scores were analyzed from the 2020-2021 school year. This study was guided by three main research questions. What is the difference in fifth-grade proficient and advanced English Language Arts MAP scores of full-time virtual students and seated students in Missouri for the 2020-2021 school year? What is the difference in fifth-grade proficient and advanced Math MAP scores of full-time virtual students and seated students in Missouri for the 2020-2021 school year? What is the difference in fifth-grade proficient and advanced Science MAP scores of full-time virtual students and seated students in Missouri for the 2020-2021 school year? In the areas of Math and Science, full-time virtual students had statistically significantly lower performance than full-time seated students. In the area of ELA, full-time virtual student and full-time seated student performance differences were not statistically significant. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://bibliotheek.ehb.be:2222/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]