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Direct linkSolano-Flores, Guillermo; Barnett-Clarke, Carne; Kachchaf, Rachel R. – Educational Assessment, 2013
We examined the performance of English language learners (ELLs) and non-ELLs on Grade 4 and Grade 5 mathematics content knowledge (CK) and academic language (AL) tests. CK and AL items had different semiotic loads (numbers of different types of semiotic features) and different semiotic structures (relative frequencies of different semiotic…
Descriptors: English Language Learners, Performance, Mathematics Tests, Semiotics
