This study investigates how 217 students in Years 5, 6 and 7 from three schools in Nanjing, China, link number and algebra (called relational thinking in this study). It categorizes their performances in terms of five levels, and uses these levels to create profiles of algebraic thinking across Years 5, 6, and 7. The study examines the…

A modified form of Lesson Study was used to deliver several lessons over two weeks to develop students' relational thinking and to improve teachers' knowledge of this thinking. Fifteen students in a multi-grade 4, 5 & 6 classroom were surveyed and interviewed using true/false sentence and open number problems involving one unknown number…

Many educators and researchers are trying to define statistical literacy for the 21st century. Kimura, a Japanese science educator, has suggested that a key task of statistical literacy is the ability to extract qualitative information from quantitative information, and/or to create new information from qualitative and quantitative information.…