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Direct linkChen, Qi; Hughes, Jan N.; Kwok, Oi-Man – Elementary School Journal, 2014
The authors investigated the differential effect of retention on the development of academic achievement from grades 1 to 5 on children retained in grade 1 over 6 years. Growth mixture model (GMM) analyses supported the existence of two distinct trajectory groups of retained children for both reading and math among 125 ethnically and…
Descriptors: Elementary School Students, Grade Repetition, Academic Achievement, Grade 1
Spilt, Jantine L.; Hughes, Jan N. – School Psychology Review, 2015
Previous studies have found that different trajectories of conflicted relationships with teachers predicted academic underachievement. However, little is known about what places children at risk of atypical conflict trajectories. This follow-up study examines whether African American ethnicity, IQ, and socioeconomic status (SES) are unique…
Descriptors: African American Children, At Risk Students, Teacher Student Relationship, Elementary School Students
