Parents and teachers--primary socializers across elementary grades--offer potentially differential support mechanisms for children's healthy functioning across developmental periods. Utilizing child, parent, teacher, and observational data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Department Study of Early Child Care and Youth…

Hope--a multidimensional positive motivational state--is particularly salient with adolescents in the school setting. Cognitive hope focuses on goal attainment cognitions whereas behavioral hope focuses on actions required for goal attainment. Studies rarely examine the contribution of each type of hope to adolescents' academic functioning and…