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Download full textPongsophon, Pongprapan – Science Education International, 2023
This study examined the factors that determined the science achievement of fourth-grade students on the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2019 in the USA. The data were retrieved from the TIMSS international database and imported to the R program for manipulation. The EdSurvey package was used to conduct multilevel…
Descriptors: Hierarchical Linear Modeling, Predictor Variables, Science Achievement, Elementary School Students
Griffith, David; Tyner, Adam – Thomas B. Fordham Institute, 2019
The public debate over discipline policy remains depressingly polarized and simplistic. Advocates of reform argue that suspensions and other forms of exclusionary discipline are associated with negative outcomes, including higher rates of criminal justice involvement--and that they are implemented unfairly. In contrast, skeptics argue that we must…
Descriptors: Discipline Policy, Change, Teacher Attitudes, African American Teachers
