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Merchant, Stefan; Rich, Jessica; Klinger, Don A. – Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 2022
Both school and district administrators use the results of standardized, large-scale tests to inform decisions about the need for, or success of, educational programs and interventions. However, test results at the school level are subject to random fluctuations due to changes in cohort, test items, and other factors outside of the school's…
Descriptors: Standardized Tests, Foreign Countries, Generalizability Theory, Scores