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Ding, Meixia; Li, Xiaobao; Hassler, Ryan; Barnett, Eli – International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 2021
This study examines how sampled Chinese and U.S. third and fourth grade students (N[subscript China] = 167, N[subscript US] = 97) understand the commutative, associative, and distributive properties. These students took both pre- and post-tests conducted at the beginning and end of a school year. Comparisons between students' pre- and post-tests…
Descriptors: Grade 4, Mathematics Instruction, Elementary School Students, Cross Cultural Studies