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Direct linkLittle, Michael – Educational Researcher, 2017
This brief leverages the first ever nationally representative data set with a direct assessment of elementary school-aged children's executive function skills to examine racial and socioeconomic gaps in performance. The analysis reveals large gaps in measures of working memory and cognitive flexibility, the two components of executive function…
Descriptors: Children, Longitudinal Studies, Surveys, Executive Function
Hiebert, Elfrieda H.; Mesmer, Heidi Anne E. – Educational Researcher, 2013
The Common Core Standards for the English Language Arts (CCSS) provide explicit guidelines matching grade-level bands (e.g., 2-3, 4-5) with targeted text complexity levels. The CCSS staircase accelerates text expectations for students across Grades 2-12 in order to close a gap in the complexity of texts typically used in high school and those of…
Descriptors: Core Curriculum, State Standards, Alignment (Education), Grade 2
