The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) and its reports are a key measure in informing the nation on how well the goal of scientific literacy for all students is being met. The "Science Framework for the 2015 National Assessment of Educational Progress" sets forth the design of the NAEP Science Assessment. This document is intended to inform the general public, educators, policymakers, and others about what students are expected to know and be able to do in science as part of The Nation's Report Card, a program of the U.S. Department of Education (ED) that reports on NAEP findings. NAEP produces comparative student achievement results according to demographic factors such as gender, race/ethnicity, and geographic region. Results are also provided in terms of student, teacher, and school background variables related to science achievement. Taken together, this information from NAEP helps the general public, educators, and policymakers make informed decisions about education. The framework describes the science content and science practices that form the basis for the NAEP Science Assessment. It also discusses item distribution and types of items, as well as draft achievement levels. Finally, it recommends several small-scale, special studies to be considered in conjunction with the science assessments. [For the abridged report, "2015 Abridged Science Framework," see ED604321.]