This policy research document is intended for policymakers to use when examining possible changes to the state assessment's alignment with the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). The 2009 NAEP test is not yet in existence, so the purpose of this report is to give policymakers a headstart in determining where they might, if they so decide, begin to make changes in their assessment standards and specifications to develop an assessment system more closely aligned to that used for the NAEP. This report presents the findings of an alignment study comparing the new science framework for the 2009 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) and the accompanying science assessment and item specifications with the Texas state science assessment. The study was conducted for the Regional Education Laboratory Southwest, funded by the Institute of Education Sciences to provide research and support to Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. The study was undertaken in anticipation of a growing need in the region to be better informed about how state assessment standards in science compare with those tested in the NAEP. The intent of this report is to inform those in the Texas Education Agency responsible for shaping the state assessment in science how the current assessment standards and test specifications compare with those of the national NAEP 2009 assessment. It is hoped that this study will be of use to policymakers and others in the state who are interested in the Texas state assessments in science. The following are appended: (1) The documents compared; (2) How the study was conducted; (3) Content alignment for grade 4; (4) Content alignment for grade 8; and (5) Content alignment for grade 12. (Contains 4 figures, 1 box, and 16 tables.) [This report was prepared for the National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education by Regional Educational Laboratory Southwest, formerly known as Southwest Regional Educational Laboratory (SEDL), administered by Edvance Research, Inc.]