The purpose of this study is to develop a framework for analyzing classroom argumentation that includes a process of rebutting. A most commonly used framework to analyze argument in science education is Toulmin's Argumentation Pattern. It is useful for analyzing argumentation but it cannot represent the complexity of students' rebuttals during…

Problem-Based Learning (PBL) modules based on the topic of socio-scientific issues are behaved to be effective to improve argumentation skills. This aim of the research was to look at the effectiveness of PBL modules on the topic of socio-scientific issues, in order to empower argumentation skills for students with high and low achievements.…

Argument skills play a crucial role in fostering students' scientific literacy. Students who possess such skills can employ reason and evidence to make decisions. This classroom action research was aimed at investigating the best practices for teaching chemistry to promote argument skills through socioscientific issues (SSI). The participants were…