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Xinghua Wang; Hui Pang; Matthew P. Wallace; Qiyun Wang; Wenli Chen – Computer Assisted Language Learning, 2024
This study investigated the application of an artificial intelligence (AI) coach for second language (L2) learning in a primary school involving 327 participants. In line with Community of Inquiry, learners were expected to perceive social, cognitive, and teaching presences when interacting with the AI coach, which was considered a humanized…
Descriptors: Artificial Intelligence, Second Language Instruction, Second Language Learning, Student Attitudes
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Fitzgerald, Jill; Elmore, Jeff; Koons, Heather; Hiebert, Elfrieda H.; Bowen, Kimberly; Sanford-Moore, Eleanor E.; Stenner, A. Jackson – Journal of Educational Psychology, 2015
The Common Core set a standard for all children to read increasingly complex texts throughout schooling. The purpose of the present study was to explore text characteristics specifically in relation to early-grades text complexity. Three hundred fifty primary-grades texts were selected and digitized. Twenty-two text characteristics were identified…
Descriptors: Reading Materials, Difficulty Level, Instructional Material Evaluation, Primary Education