This article examines whether questions embedded in geography textbooks address three components of spatial thinking: concepts of space, tools of representation, and processes of reasoning. A three-dimensional taxonomy of spatial thinking was developed and used to evaluate questions in four high school level geography textbooks. The results…

The study of geography affords excellent opportunities for the exercise of judgment, generalization, inference, and comparison. This textbook is designed for the pupils who are completing a course of elementary studies, the special purpose has been to secure the exercise of these powers. It aims to give pupils clear and broad views of human life…