Effective teacher professional development is defined as structured professional learning activities which result in changes in teacher practice and improvements in student learning outcomes. Superintendents face common challenges unique to the rural environment which hinder the delivery of effective teacher professional development in rural…

Many studies have investigated the adequacy of the preservice preparation of special education teachers but few studies have investigated the preparation of special education paraprofessionals. This study investigated one rural state that does not have an identified system of formal preservice training programs for special education…

The purpose of this study was to field-test several conferencing technologies in regional schools in Victoria to determine whether the technologies are appropriate for the needs of the university supervisor, trainee teachers and supervising teachers with regard to practicum placements. The study also explored the potential of technology for other…

This bulletin contains abstracts of the addresses delivered at a two-day conference of State and county rural-school supervisors in the Southeastern States, called by the United States Commissioner of Education, at Peabody College for Teachers, Nashville, Tennessee, December 14 and 15, 1925. Abstracts were prepared from notes or manuscripts…

The function of supervision is to help schools do their work better. Systematic appraisal of objectives and procedures in supervision is continually pointing the way to more effective methods of accomplishing this purpose. Because educators have become dissatisfied with the outcomes of this kind of supervision, many of them are seeking more…

The demand for efficiency in the schools and for the best possible use of money expended for schools and of the time of the children in school has given rise to a demand for expert supervision by men and women competent to give to all teachers, and especially to young and inexperienced teachers, help in those phases of their work in which they…

Supervision as understood in well-organized city systems has little resemblance to the annual visitation of schools as practiced by many county or other rural superintendents. The majority of these officers are fully conscious of the limitations imposed upon them by the conditions under which they work and they are active in their efforts to…

A few years ago the public schools made no provision for the education of the blind, crippled, or mentally deficient, but now in New York City alone there are more than 100 classes for mentally peculiar children, while arrangements are rapidly making for the care of crippled and other classes of physically handicapped children. It was only as…

This bulletin discusses certain supervisory services for improvement of the professional equipment of teachers; instances of adaptations of supervision by which the results of research are utilized and teachers are interested in experimentation; illustrations of specific improvements in the approach made by supervisors toward the solution of…

Many factors enter into the problem of remaking the rural schools, such as well-prepared teachers, satisfactory unit of organization, close and intelligent supervision, and redirected course of study. Of these, none is more important than the first. It is certain that the trained leadership needed in rural districts can not be fully realized until…

Supervision by circular letters is essential in most counties. The size of the territory to be covered makes frequent visits on the part of the county superintendent an impossibility. Many superintendents have no supervisors or field deputies and have only occasional office help. In such cases circular letters are the most valuable means of…

Toward the close of the school year 1912-13 the United States Commissioner of Education sent a letter to all school superintendents who have rural schools under their supervision, asking them to report to the Bureau of Education anything of unusual or special value that had been done in the schools during the past year or two. These…

With the increase of interest in the rural public schools in all the States has come a desire for more effective rural school administration, to the ends that there may be a more economic use of school funds and that all children may have opportunities, both better and more nearly equal, to gain the preparation for life required by more rural…

This bulletin covering the history of public school education in Arizona is divided into ten chapters. Chapter I, "The setting for public schools," describes the early history of educational efforts by the church and provides a statistical view of population growth. Chapter II, "The beginnings of public-school legislation,…

"Consolidation of schools" is the term used when two or more school districts are made into a single district, one school in one building replacing two or more small schools in several buildings. In some States when but two schools are replaced by one, the new school is called a "union" school, the term "consolidated"…