School discipline policies are broadly intended to foster a high-quality learning environment by maintaining safety in the classroom; however, far too often, schools adopt measures that harm a student's social, emotional, academic, and in some cases, physical health and well-being. To create physically safe and emotionally supportive environments…

We estimate the relationship between exclusionary discipline given in eighth-grade and the probability of ninth-grade retention. We use a rich 7-year, student-level, panel data set from Arkansas. We use a novel approach by limiting our sample to students who switch schools between eighth and ninth grades. This movement gives each student a fresh…

Many states and school districts are implementing reforms to reduce reliance on exclusionary discipline such as out-of-school suspension and expulsion. This article uses survey and administrative data to study the implementation of a state-level policy limiting elementary school out-of-school suspension and expulsions. While the results are…

School discipline is a significant problem of practice and policy. The differences in disciplinary patterns across schooling levels have received relatively little attention. This study examines the differences in disciplinary infractions and consequences across elementary, middle, and high schools. The results illustrate there are important…

These are the supplemental tables for the report, "Crime, Violence, Discipline, and Safety in U.S. Public Schools: Findings from the School Survey on Crime and Safety: 2021-22. First Look. NCES 2024-043." The report presents findings both on crime and violence in U.S. public schools and on the practices and programs schools have used to…

Racial disproportionality in school discipline is a major U.S. educational problem. Official data show that Black boys are disciplined at the highest rates of any racial and gender subgroup. Scholars suggest the "criminal" Black male image shapes teachers' views and treatment of their Black male students. Yet few studies examine the…

This braided essay weaves together the reflective journey of a school administrator traversing through a doctoral program during the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic while considering her Problem of Practice in the current context of her school, local community, and global society. The ongoing challenges of a rural 3rd-5th consolidated…

This study explored current disciplinary practices by primary school teachers in Eswatini. A missed method design was employed using 48 primary teachers in the Hhohho region in the Kingdom of Eswatini. Instruments used were questionnaires and interviews. Data was collected and analyzed both quantitative and qualitatively. For analyzing data for…

There is an overrepresentation of elementary-age, Black boys being suspended across the United States. Researchers have found that if these boys are disconnected from school at an early age, they are at risk of becoming part of the school-to-prison pipeline (STPP). Educators, particularly those in urban settings, need to understand more about the…

Student voice is essential for PBIS, but a tool for gathering students' perspectives of PBIS is not available in the literature. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a universal-level PBIS survey for students, the Student Perceptions of Behavior and Discipline (StPBD). This survey was designed to mobilize student engagement and…

School climate encompasses student and school staff's experience of life at school, including the norms, goals, values, interpersonal relationships, safety, teaching and learning practices, social and physical environments, and organizational structures. Its positive influence on student academic performance, school completion, disruptive…

Background/Context: In thousands of classrooms throughout the United States and internationally, behavior management apps have become an integral part of schools' discipline machineries. Such apps are designed to help teachers enforce rules, especially when it comes to rewards and punishments within school token economies. To understand how these…

The problem addressed by this study is that Hispanic students are disproportionately overrepresented in school discipline. The problem was addressed using a qualitative method and exploratory case study research design. Restorative justice was the conceptual framework that undergirded the study. This study added to the restorative justice…

Exclusionary discipline is used in public schools across the United States. Schools are using suspension and expulsion to punish students for wrongdoing. Removing students from their learning environment has proved detrimental. Moreover, there are racial disparities among the students being subjected to exclusionary discipline. There are…

The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of school management mechanisms on the discipline of pupils in upper basic primary level. This study examined the effect of; (a) guidance and counselling on the discipline of pupils, (b) school-rules and regulations on the discipline of pupils, and (c) school-family initiative program on the…