Background: Parents' roles in their children's education are significant in terms of outcomes for the child. As research on parental involvement in children's education has often been conducted in high-income countries, there is a deep need for more research on parental involvement in contexts of disadvantage. Purpose: Set in the context of…

Quality education has the power to change the trajectory of a person's life. Yet academic achievement for too many children remains frustratingly low. This is particularly true in Pakistan. To change that, drawing on two decades of experience working directly with teachers in rural and peri-urban communities in Pakistan, Developments in Literacy…

Purpose: Recent educational research has demonstrated rural-urban gaps in achievement and schooling conditions. Evidence from developing countries is still sparse. This study seeks to report rural-urban disparities in achievement, student, teacher, and school characteristics based on a nationally representative sample of grade four students from…

This study uses a production function approach to identify the impact of student, parent, teacher, and school policy variables on student performance as measured by test scores. Our statistical analysis is conducted in a comparative institutional context that includes government, private, and non-governmental organization schools. We find that, at…