Purpose: Nearly 50 years ago, Durkin (1978-1979) conducted a seminal observation study on reading comprehension teaching in Grades 3 through 6. She reported that teachers rarely taught reading comprehension (less than 1% of instructional time). Since then, we have gained substantial knowledge about teaching reading comprehension. We aimed to…

PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study) was inaugurated in 2001 as a follow-up to International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement's 1991 Reading Literacy Study. Conducted every five years, PIRLS assesses the reading achievement of young students in their fourth year of schooling--an important transition…

During the 19th and early part of the 20th century, many of those who came to the United States in search of a better life were from Europe. Since the 1960s, most immigrants have arrived from Asia, Mexico and Central America, the islands of the Caribbean Sea, and Africa. This book tells the story of these immigrants. What reasons do they have for…