This study explored to what extent two groups of mainstream teachers in the Midwestern region of the USA with differing degrees of English language learner-specific university preparation reportedly engaged in practices that incorporated the native languages of English language learner students in instruction. The study further examined specific…

This article investigates the process of change with reference to Chinese lecturers of English taking part in a one-month intensive teacher training programme. The programme was initiated in response to a government directive that 20% of all university courses in Chinese national universities should be taught in English. The article sets the…

Second language acquisition research has led to a major emphasis on the need for learners to experience the target language (TL) in use if they themselves are to become users of the language. At the same time, there is discussion of the role of the first language (L 1) as a tool in the processing of language/culture experiences. Achieving optimal…