Little known about the now celebrated 1912 Bread and Roses strike is that prominent Progressive-era reformers condemned the strikers as "uncivil" and "violent." An examination of Bread and Roses' controversies reveals how a ruling class enlists middle-class sentiments to oppose social-justice arguments and defend a civil…

This article aims to interpret teacher strikes through a multi-level analysis and the identification of a number of relevant factors relative to the professional project (in a neo-Weberian sense) of primary and secondary school teachers. In the first place the authors' interpretation is based on references to contextual and structural elements,…