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Direct linkAllen, Chiharu S.; Chen, Qi; Willson, Victor L.; Hughes, Jan N. – Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 2009
The present meta-analysis examines the effect of grade retention on academic outcomes and investigates systemic sources of variability in effect sizes. Using multilevel modeling (MLM), the authors investigate characteristics of 207 effect sizes across 22 studies published between 1990 and 2007 at two levels: the study (between) and individual…
Descriptors: Research Design, Grade Repetition, Academic Achievement, Effect Size
