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Direct linkXinhe Wang; Ben B. Hansen – Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2024
Background: Clustered randomized controlled trials are commonly used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments. Frequently, stratified or paired designs are adopted in practice. Fogarty (2018) studied variance estimators for stratified and not clustered experiments and Schochet et. al. (2022) studied that for stratified, clustered RCTs with…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Randomized Controlled Trials, Computation, Probability
Moritz Waitzmann; Ruediger Scholz; Susanne Wessnigk – Physical Review Physics Education Research, 2024
Clear and rigorous quantum reasoning is needed to explain quantum physical phenomena. As pillars of true quantum physical explanations, we suggest specific quantum reasoning derived from quantum physical key ideas. An experiment is suggested to support such a quantum reasoning, in which a quantized radiation field interacts with an optical beam…
Descriptors: Physics, Science Instruction, Teaching Methods, Quantum Mechanics
