Purpose: The growing literature on private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education, addresses multiple dimensions and roles. However, many studies inadequately capture the diversity and implications of different forms of tutoring. This paper examines these matters in Myanmar, highlighting complexities and ambiguities in…

Private supplementary tutoring, widely described as shadow education in the academic literature, takes place outside regular school hours. It is widespread across the globe, but with diverse structures. Drawing on insights from Myanmar, this article examines how different forms of capital shape tutoring demand and supply. Employing a mixed-methods…