Specific to the topic of oxidation-reduction (redox), teachers are obligated by the discipline to prioritise symbolic traditions such as writing equations, documenting oxidation states, and describing changes (e.g., what undergoes oxidation/reduction). Although the chemistry education research community endorses connecting the vertices of…

Very few teacher education models have integrated theory and practice on a context basis and used formative assessment in teachers' personal and professional development. Two are the Clinical Teacher Education Model and the Realistic Teacher Education Model based on reflection. These models prepare teacher candidates (TCs) for their profession as…

We present an empirically based model for teaching about planning in pre-service science teacher education as part of on-campus courses. Planning is usually taught through the introduction of theoretically based planning models, but these models commonly assume a linear idea of planning that does not match how teachers go about planning. We…