Background: Pain recognition and assessment in individuals with profound intellectual disabilities are challenging. Exploring effective methods of addressing this is essential. This study aims to discover current nursing practice in this area of care as the first of a four-phased appreciative inquiry study, to inform further research and practice.…

We review ethnographic methods that allow researchers to assess distress in a culturally sensitive manner. We begin with an overview of standardized biomedical and psychological approaches to assessing distress cross-culturally. We then focus on literature describing the development of reliable and valid culturally sensitive assessment tools that…