My social position emerges from years of activism and a rural, working-class history. For decades, I have worked in adult/lifelong learning and development--inside communities and post-secondary institutions--always with the goal of achieving a more just and equitable world. While I aspire to these ideals, I have also had to learn that acts of…

One of the traditional areas of concern in educational foundations has been philosophy of education, and within philosophy of education, a central focus has been epistemology. Defined as the branch of philosophy dealing with the study of knowledge, in the past half-century approaches to the study of epistemology have evolved in significant ways.…

In 2015, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) of Canada released a Final Report containing 94 Calls to Action. Included were calls for reform in how history is taught in Canadian schools, so that students may learn to address such difficult topics in Canadian history as Indian Residential Schools, racism and cultural genocide. Operating…

"Call to Action 93" requests revision of the Canadian citizenship materials to include more information about treaties and residential schools. Although the citizenship materials have been analyzed in terms of how they present the concepts of citizenship, multiculturalism, and Canadian values, little work has been done on how…

On March 7, 2017, Canadian Senator Lynn Beyak stood up in the Red Chamber and delivered a lengthy speech urging Canadians to recognise the positive aspects of the Indian Residential Schooling system that the Truth and Reconciliation Commission had failed to acknowledge. In their positions as settler teacher educators, the authors examine how…

The identification, diagnosis, and categorisation of students who qualified for special education have created long-standing controversy. This article explores Maximilian P. E. Groszmann's measurement practices, which were intended to facilitate instruction in the early twentieth-century United States. In 1900, Groszmann established a private…

The impact of Residential Schools on Indigenous People has left a long-lasting crippling effect on the subsequent generations of Indigenous youth. The resultant intergenerational loss of identity and self-value has cost the Indigenous People and their communities immensely. Aboriginal People based their education system on the real world around…