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Samer Khasawneh; Jamal Abu-Alruz; Ayman Oliemat; Salah Hailat; Omar Bataineh – Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 2024
The objective of this study was to create a psychometrically valid and reliable toxic leadership scale (TLS) for use in higher education workplace environments. The TLS was administered to a sample of 482 faculty members employed by three public universities in Jordan. Another aim of the study was to determine the level of toxic leadership based…
Descriptors: Leadership Styles, Antisocial Behavior, Higher Education, Foreign Countries