Aspirations shape important future-oriented behaviors, including educational investment. Higher family aspirations for children predict better educational outcomes in multiple developing countries. Unfortunately, aspirations sometimes outstrip people's ability to pursue them. We study the relationship between family aspirations for children and…

Can families in low-income contexts "pull themselves up by their bootstraps?" In rural Gambia, caregivers with high aspirations for their children, measured before the child starts school, invest substantially more in their children's education. Despite this, essentially no children are literate or numerate three years later. In…