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Berry, William; Groth, Laura M.; Glazer, Joshua L. – AERA Online Paper Repository, 2022
The portfolio management models (PMM) has emerged as an important idea in educational governance over the last decade. In PMM systems, a district or other form of authorizer oversees a collection of independent organizations that operate schools according to their particular philosophy and strategic orientation. Yet underlying the design of PMMs…
Descriptors: Longitudinal Studies, School Districts, Academic Achievement, Competition