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Walter A. Herring; Daphna Bassok; Anita S. McGinty; Luke C. Miller; James H. Wyckoff – Educational Researcher, 2022
Federal accountability policy mandates that states administer standardized tests beginning in third grade. In turn, third-grade test scores are often viewed as a key indicator in policy and practice. Yet literacy struggles begin well before third grade, as do racial and socioeconomic disparities in children's literacy skills. Kindergarten…
Descriptors: Kindergarten, Young Children, Emergent Literacy, Reading Ability
Bacon, Terrence E. – ProQuest LLC, 2023
The purpose of this study was to investigate developmental music aptitude with a broader sample in order to propose national norms. Research questions were: 1) To what extent are published Primary Measures of Music Aptitude (PMMA) norms different from those established using a current sample? 2) Are there comparative differences in PMMA item…
Descriptors: Psychometrics, Music, Aptitude Tests, Test Items