Study habits can be defined as students' decisions on choosing what to learn and how to learn during their everyday learning processes. Study habits included three aspects of learning behavior: choosing learning material, adopting specific learning strategies (rereading, self-testing, and spacing), and strategy sources and changes (how strategies…

The influence of achievement motives and relational goal structures embedded in schools on learning outcomes as well as their interaction has attracted much attention in educational research. In the secondary multi-level analysis of data from four areas of China (B-S-J-Z) and the United States in the PISA 2018 study, the relationship among…