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Shen, Ji; Liu, Ou Lydia; Chang, Hsin-Yi – International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 2017
This paper presents a transformative modeling framework that guides the development of assessment to measure students' deep understanding in physical sciences. The framework emphasizes 3 types of connections that students need to make when learning physical sciences: (1) linking physical states, processes, and explanatory models, (2) integrating…
Descriptors: Physical Sciences, Academic Achievement, Knowledge Level, Cohort Analysis